Animal Testing Should Not Be Banned - 1578 Words

According to the New England Anti-Vivisection Society on their research from Harm and Suffering, â€Å"[e]very year in the U.S., over 25 million animals are used in biomedical experimentation, product and cosmetic testing, and science education.† Animal testing has been traced back to Aristotle and Erasistratus who according to Rachel Hajar from Animal Testing and Medicine, â€Å"[were] [e]arly Greek physician-scientists† that have conducted animal experiments. Another physician who has performed animal experimentations, Galen, â€Å"conducted animal experiments to advance the understanding of anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology† (Hajar). Animal testing has furthered expanded to over 115 million animals that have been tested globally and 25 new medicines being approved each year by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). With the affirmations about animal testing that has an outcome of being positive, there are many factors why animal testing ha s failed to protect humans from drugs. Although animal testing is used to prevent the public from drug defects, it is revealed to be unnecessary to conduct animal experimentations because of the maltreatment that is forced upon the animals and the drugs that have been approved by numerous animal testing fail to treat humans. There is no such limit to what happens to animals while being tested in the laboratory. The Animal Welfare Act (AWA) is the only federal law that grants a small amount of protection for animals inShow MoreRelatedShould Animal Testing Be Banned?844 Words   |  3 PagesShould animal testing be banned? Nowadays, a lot of animals has been tested on a range of experiments over the world. You could be supporting animal teasing cruelty without knowing it. Have you ever check if there’s animal testing on the cosmetics before you buy it? Today, a lot of cosmetics has been testing on helpless animals and there are about 1.4 million animals die each year from animal testing ( CatalanoJ, 1994). Most of the experiments that are completed in the laboratories are very cruelRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned880 Words   |  4 Pagesdepending on animals testing. Therefore, if people talk about laboratories, they should remember animal experiments. Those animals have the right to live, according to people who dislike the idea of doing testing on animals; the other opinion, supports the idea of animal testing as the important part of the source of what has reached medicine of the results and solutions for diseases prevalent in every time and place. Each year huge numbers of animals a re sacrificed for the science all these animals, whetherRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned776 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal Testing Should be Banned  ¨Over 100 million animals are burned, crippled, poisioned and abused in US labs every year ¨ ( ¨11 Facts About Animal Testing ¨). Imagine if that was someones animal getting tortured in labs just to test things such as beauty products and perfume. Animal testing was first suggested when,  ¨Charles Darwin evolutionary theory in the mid 1850s also served to suggest that animals could serve as effective models to facilitate biological understanding in humans ¨ (Murnaghan)Read MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned940 Words   |  4 Pages1). Over 100 million animals are burned, crippled, poisoned, and abused in US labs every year. 2). 92% of experimental drugs that are safe and effective in animals fail in human clinical trials. (DoSomething â€Å"11 Facts About Animal Testing†). There are currently no laws combating the testing of cosmetics on animals, but the practice is harmful and must be ended. As evidenced by the statistics above, millions of animals are tortured and murdered in the United States every year for virtually no reasonRead MoreShould Animal Testing Be Banned?1665 Words   |  7 PagesTesting Cosmetics on Animals Companies around the world use animals to test cosmetics. Animals, such as rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, rats, and mice, are used to test the effects of chemicals on the eyes and skin. While animal testing is not mandatory, many companies use it. About Cosmetics Animal Testing by the Humane Society International talks about the different options companies have that do not require the cruel use and eventual death of animals. The article also talks about the overallRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1572 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal Testing Every year, over two hundred million innocent animals are injured or killed in scientific experiments across the world. Of those animals, between seventeen and twenty million are used in the United States alone. It is said that an animal dies in a laboratory every three seconds (Animal Testing 101). Those in favor of animal experimentation say they are taking animals’ lives to save humans. It is not necessary to subject animals to torturous conditions or painful experiments in theRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1581 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal testing is being used by different organizations all over the world to prevent specific diseases, especially cancer. Americans see animal testing having a harmful effect but it is one of the main reasons why society has most cures for some illnesses. This topic is important because people need to know what goes on during animal testing and why it is very beneficial. Animal testing needs to be used to find all cures. Some ani mals such as chimps/ monkeys have 90% of the same DNA humans haveRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1721 Words   |  7 Pages † Today, more animals are being used in experiments than ever before: around 100 million in the United States alone† (3). Animal testing is now an international issue, and it is becoming a major story. Currently, animals are often used in medical testing, make-up testing, and other consumer product testing. Animals used in such product testing are often abused and suffer from serious side-effects. Animal testing can be painful for the animals, testing results are usually not even useable forRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned1364 Words   |  6 Pagesbenefit. Using animals for these experimentations usually does not come to mind. Animals are often abused, suffer, and even die during laboratory testing for the benefits of people to make sure medications, household products, newest procedures, and cosmetics are safe and effective for human use. Humans have benefited from animal testing for years while these animals suffer consequences with no positive outcomes for themselves. Even if a product or procedure is deemed successful, these animals are frequentlyRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned Essay1632 Words   |  7 Pages Animal Testing Should Be Banned Throughout the decades, animals have been used in medical research to test the safety of cosmetics including makeup, hair products, soaps, perfume, and countless of other products. Animals have also been used to test antibiotics and other medicines to eliminate any potential risks that they could cause to humans. The number of animals worldwide that are used in laboratory experiments yearly exceeds 115 million animals. Unfortunately, only a small percentage of

Borderline Personality Disorder ( Adhd ) - 1713 Words

Borderline Personality Disorder Understanding the Disorder DSM-5 According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders(DSM-5,2013), Borderline Personality Disorder (301.83) is a pervasive pattern of volatility of interpersonal relations, self image, and affect, and marked impulsivity, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of context (p. 663). Concurrent disorders associated with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) are depressive and bipolar disorders and substance use disorders, eating disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders. BPD also commonly co-occurs with other personality disorders. These disorders have a high co-morbidity. The incidence of BPD†¦show more content†¦665). Demographics According to Corcoran and Walsh (2015) the demographics of those with BPD are: Youths- childhood accounts of abandonment, abuse, loss, or lack of support places youths at risk for developing BPD. Sexual abuse is a major predictor of BPD. Females-BPD is diagnosed more often in women, however a national study finds rates of BPD were comparable for men and women living in the same community. Males- men diagnosed with BPD are more likely to present with concurrent substance use disorders, there is more prevalence of PTSD and eating disorders among females. Race-Hispanic persons have a excessively higher rate of BPD when compared with Caucasians and Blacks. Low Socioeconomic Status (SES)- Poverty places a person with BPD at a higher risk of tribulations in the areas of intimacy and work because of added stresses linked with low SES. Additionally, BPD increases risk of unemployment which is connected with low SES (p 179). Risk Factors and Protective Factors Corcoran Walsh (2015) list risk factors for BPD as follows: Risk Factors Estimated 37 % genetic heritability Substance use Chaotic family environment Living in poverty Poor occupational functioning Protective Factors Healthy prenatal environment Absence of

Wealth of Teaching Free Essays

Vive been working as a teacher for a year and four months now. Yet my understanding of being a teacher is still evolving day by day. I realized that how I understood this profession was not yet substantial until I was Immersed In the actual teaching scenario. We will write a custom essay sample on Wealth of Teaching or any similar topic only for you Order Now I realize that the books, lectures, and inputs given by my college professors, when I was just an education student, are just spectacles of what is in store for me. When I ask my students what course they are planning to take up, they tend to mention almost all the other courses other than education primarily because they live that they won’t gain much from this course In the future. Right now, the standards of the world are geared towards determining the gains. People nowadays choose a career that will give them greater return of Investments with minimal sacrifice due, perhaps to the fast paced and technological world that we have, when everything we need and want can be acquired in an instant. There is some truth to that. If I am only after the monetary gains of this profession, I might have surrendered last year and should have furnished my resignation papers. To be honest, my salary seems to be Just sufficient for my dally needs. Just say, this profession Is not a dream Job for someone who wishes to have a great bank account. What fuels me then is the realization that I’m gaining a lot beyond the standards of the world. When I was a high school student, I really dreamt to be a teacher because of the great inspiration that my teachers gave me. I promised that one time I will be like them. Now that I am already teaching, I am amazed that my Inspirations for this vocation are still out there doing the thing that they fell in love with- teaching. Some of them are even ageing already in this profession yet still pursue the same passion since the first time I saw them. I believe that teaching, using some economic terms, utilizes love as the main capital. A teacher who still wants to teach is a person filled with love and ready to give and share love to others. I think that right now people seek and clamor for opportunities to express their love more In the things that they do, But teachers, Like me, do not need to make an effort to love more since loving Is embedded In our Job description. This sounds easy yet very challenging at the same time There are even times that even as young as I am, I am forced to grow old and be a parent to my student, to find solutions to problems I have not even encountered in my life, and to find hope from students who don’t even see the light within them. Why do we do these things? We do these things definitely not because of the salary given to our employers but because finding the most loving thing to do Is Integral to the desire off real teacher. One of the commercials that I really enjoy watching because I feel I can perfectly elate with it is the Unsafe commercial about a teacher narrating her story of her teaching profession and answering the question, â€Å"Para casino aka baa bandwagon? † In the same way, I believe that this commercial perfectly illustrates how teachers are passionate about life because of what they do. I myself consider teaching as one of teaching excites me since it provides me with several new opportunities to express my deepest humanity in the act of loving others, particularly my students. But aside from being given the opportunity to love, I believe that another gain of caching is the experience of being loved. One of the concrete manifestations of this is my experience of having a family. Because of teaching, I experienced having more than an extended family in the person of my students and parent. I consider my students and parents as family members and not as clients. This is the reason why my students and teachers love me not as a business partner as well but as a relative ready to love them the same way. In the same way, Just recently, I saw some of my students who graduated last year. Seeing them in their college uniforms is such a great feeling. But I guess the best part is to be able to update each other about what is new about them and being able to look back at the memories of high school. A heartwarming message was given to me by one of my students saying that I have contributed to his growth as a person, and that he is very thankful for all of the efforts that I have made Just for him to value his education. This made me realize that teaching entails sacrifice and emptying. We teachers empty ourselves as we meet our students in the classroom in the hope that they would be filled. Emptying in itself is a risk that we teachers face every day. In our daily grind, we give our whole selves to our students without a strong assurance of a concrete change. But as we give ourselves to our students, we rely on their goodness and infinite giftedness that someday whatever we are doing would help them find their real purpose and mission in their life. As they find themselves, we not only help others towards greater self-discovery, rather we impart more hope to them as they further appreciate life in its fullest sense Likewise, the wealth that we received in the form of students’ appreciation, parents’ raises and the recognition of others seeing our capacity to be able to make a difference to the lives of others are more than the abundance of the love we have given and a part of ourselves that we have shared for this risk. Thus, great risk, greater returns. Contrary to the belief of other people, I am a living witness that there is, indeed, wealth in teaching. As a matter fact, this profession has been truly a gift for me since it is through this that Vive been experiencing a lot of growth beyond the monetary and worldly standards. To be given an opportunity to love and to experience the abundance of love is in itself satisfying because it continues to lead me to greater happiness and appreciation of the true meaning of life lived to the fullest and shared with other people. Sam is currently teaching at Xavier University High School – Atone De Canaan as the Social Studies teacher for various 3rd and 4th year classes. All in all, Sam handles 7 classes. He Handles the Social Order Club and the Youth Christian Life Community Clubs, which are two of the clubs under the socio-spiritual cluster of the said school. How to cite Wealth of Teaching, Papers

Corporate Governance In Government Corpora -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Corporate Governance In Government Corpora? Answer: Introduction It is to be stated that the Corporations Act 2001 governs the rights of individuals in relation to conducting and operating a business for the purpose of gaining profits. It can be stated that an organization can be incorporated as public or a private company (Legislation.gov.au 2018). Part 2A of the Corporations Act 2001 deals with the provisions of registering a company. It can be said accounting to section 114 of the aforementioned act that private companies are required to have a minimum of 50 members. It is to be mentioned that private companies cannot raise capital by issuing shares to the public. However, in case of public companies there is no limitation on the number of members. Public companies can raise their capital by issuing shares to the public (Tricker and Tricker 2015). It can be stated that registration of public companies requires more documentation. According to section 112 of the Corporations Act 2001 it can be stated that companies can e broadly classified into two categories: Proprietary company Public company It is to be stated that proprietary companies can be further subdivided into companies limited by shares and companies with unlimited share capital (Tricker and Tricker 2015). Public companies can be further subdivided into companies limited by shares, companies limited by guarantee, companies with unlimited share capital and no liability company. It is to be mentioned that part 2A.2 of the aforementioned act deals with how a company in Australia can be registered. It is to be stated according to section 117 of the aforementioned act that the first step of registering a company requires filing of an application to the Australian Securities and Investment Commission (Hudson 2017). However, only the type of companies as mentioned in the section 112 of the act can be registered. According to subsection 117(2) an application for the registration of a company must contain the following information: The type of company proposed to be formed and registered under this act The proposed name of the company Name and address of each of the members of the company The present family name of each of the persons who consents in writing to become directors of the company The present family name of the each of the persons who consents to be the be the company secretary Address of the directors and company secretary The address of the registered office and the principal place of business of the company For a company limited by shares or an unlimited company the number and class of shares each member agrees to take up in writing, the amount that each member of the company is willing to pay for issuance of each share need to be disclosed in the application Prescribed particulars about the issuance of shares needs to be present in the application for the registration of public company limited by shares or an Unlimited company For a company limited by guarantee the proposed amount of guarantee of each member as agreed upon by the members in writing must be present in the application. Section 118 of the act gives the right to the ASIC to give a company ACN and issues certificates for the purpose of registering it upon receiving the application for registration. Section 119 of the Act states that a company comes into existence the day it is registered. According to section 120 it can be stated that a person becomes a secretary of the company or its director upon its registration and if such persons name and details were proposed as a director or a company secretary in the application (Legislation.gov.au, 2018). Application In this given case study, Richard has an extensive olive grove in the Hunter Valley region with over 12000 olive trees. His two sons are proposing to expand the business of their father and for that purpose they are proposing to operate as a company instead of a sole proprietorship. The primary reason for wanting to operate the business as a company is to receive tax benefits. Therefore for the purpose of registering the company they need to follow the procedures as mentioned above. It can be said that firstly they need to decide the type of company intended to be formed by them. After analyzing the details of the case study presented to us, it can be said that forming a proprietary company would be beneficial to the family. As defined by section 45a of the Corporations Act 2001 a proprietary company is privately owned company which has a maximum of 50 shareholders. However, it is to be mentioned that proprietary companies cannot issue shares to the public for the purpose of raising capital. For registration of the company an application has to be made to the Australian Securities and Investment Commission in compliance with the provisions stated in section 117 of the Corporations Act. In the application all the relevant details of the company proposed to be formed by the family has to be present. Firstly it has to be mentioned that choosing the name of the company is of utmost importance. The name of the company has to be unique and no other company can be in existence with the same name. In case of formation of a proprietary company limited by shares, the name of the company must end with Pty Ltd. Section 118 of the aforementioned act gives power to the ASIC to issue ACN registration for the running the business. According to section 119 the company proposed to be formed by Richard and his sons will come into existence the day it is registered. According to section 120, the persons automatically start acting as directors or company secretary upon registration of the co mpany, provided their names were proposed in the application. Thus in conclusion it can be stated that the business of Richard can be given the structure of a Proprietary company limited by registering it with the ASIC. The steps required to be followed to register a company are enumerated in the Corporations Act 2001. The issue which has been identified in the given case study is whether Terry can take any legal action Cosmo Mining Services Pty Ltd or Mine Ltd or Lazarus Pty Ltd? It is to be mentioned that section 124 of the Corporations Act 2001 governs the powers and legal capacity of a company. According to this section it can be stated that a company has the powers and legal capacity of an individual both outside and in its jurisdictions. Therefore, it can be stated that a company has all the powers of a body corporate. However, such powers and authority are separate from the owners of the company. It can be stated that such company can issue and cancel shares in its own name and has complete authority to do so. Every company has a separate legal entity from its owner and can distribute any of the property belonging to the company among the members of the company and can provide security for the capital that is uncalled for. In the remarkable case Salomon V A Salomon And Co Ltd [1897] the concept of separate legal entities of companies has been discussed. It is to be stated that in this case the House of Lords held unanimously that as the company in the question was duly incorporated, it must be treated as a separate legal entity must held responsible solely for the liabilities incurred by it. It was also held that the motive of those who were behind the promotion of the company was irrelevant in discussing the rights and liabilities of the company. Further it can be stated that the concept of corporate veil existing between the members of the company and the company itself was firmly established in this case. Thus according to the finding of the case it can be stated that due to the separate legal entity of the company the liability of the company will not be directly related to the shareholders of the company. The case Lee v Lees Air Farming Ltd (1961) is another landmark case dealing with the principle of corporate veil. In this case it was held by the house of the lords that a company has the right to enter in employment contracts under certain circumstances. However, it can be stated that a company faces all the legal obligations due to its separate legal entity. It was held by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council that a company will be treated as a separate legal entity and it is possible for a director to have a contract of employment with the company which is owned by him. The case Andar Transport Pty Ltd v Brambles Ltd (2004) is another landmark case dealing with the provision of separate legal of a company. The court highlighted the legal principles in Corporate Law dealing the employees duty of care. It was held by the court that an employer has the duty and must provide his employees with proper and safe working conditions. In this case the High Court has determined that duty if care owed by employer to the employee cannot be co-terminous and co-extensive. It was stated by the court that it is possible to differentiate between the duties owed by an employer to an employee as governed by the common law and those duties which are within the personal capacity of the employers. The case Briggs v James Hardie Co Pty Ltd Co Pty Ltd (1989) is a landmark case dealing with the provisions of corporate veil. In this case it was held by the court that in certain circumstances the corporate veil of a company needs to be pierced to find out who actually holds the duty to the aggrieved party. However lifting of the corporate veil is only permissible in instances where the facts are inconsistent, unpredictable not defined properly (Waqas and Rehman 2016) As per the facts of the case it can be said that Cosmo Mining Ltd in a subsidiary company of Cosmo Mining Services Pty Ltd. Recently Cosmo Mining Ltd has been in the media for contamination of a river nearby due to its mining activities. The river provides water to the residents of Gunbarrel. A few of the residents of the Gunbarrel and an employee of Cosmo Mining Ltd., Terry have contracted cancer because of drinking the contaminated water. When faced with this issue the shareholders of the company Cosmo Mining Ltd. unanimously voted for selling the business of the company to another company, Lazarus Pty. Ltd. According to section 124 of the Corporations Act 2001 it can be said that the company Cosmo Mining Ltd has a separate legal entity from its and therefore it enjoys certain rights and will face certain liabilities (Hudson 2017). Therefore in light of the aforementioned statement it can be said that the company can be held liable for the debts incurred and for all the liabilities. However, in a situation where the company becomes insolvent it will become necessary for the courts to lift the corporate veil of such company. Further section 588G of the Corporations Act 2001 has discussed and defined the personal liability of directors of company for debts incurred by a company in the event of becoming insolvent. Thus it can be said that the Company Cosmo Mining Limited can be held liable for contaminating the river and Terry can take action against such company. Conclusion Thus after analyzing the facts of the case and applying legal principles to the facts it can be stated that Cosmo Mining Limited is responsible for contaminating the river and Terry has the right to take legal action against the same company. Reference List: Andar Transport Pty Ltd v Brambles Ltd (2004) 206 ALR 387; (2004) HCA 28 Briggs v James Hardie Co Pty Ltd Co Pty Ltd (1989) 16 NSWLR 549 Lee v Lees Air Farming Ltd (1961) AC12 Salomon V A Salomon And Co Ltd [1897] AC 22 Legislation.gov.au. (2018).Corporations Act 2001. [online] Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2018C00031 [Accessed 4 Feb. 2018]. Tricker, R.B. and Tricker, R.I., 2015. Corporate governance: Principles, business-law, and practices. Oxford University Press, USA. Waqas, M. and Rehman, Z., 2016. Separate Legal Entity of Corporation: The Corporate Veil. International Journal of Social Sciences and Management, 3(1), pp.1-4. Whincop, M.J., 2017. Corporate governance in government corporations. Routledge. Hudson, A., 2017.Understanding Company Law. Taylor Francis. Asic.gov.au. (2018).ASIC Home | ASIC - Australian Securities and Investments Commission. [online] Available at: https://asic.gov.au/ [Accessed 4 Feb. 2018].

Understanding Kiddushin Daf Yomi Essays - Book Of Numbers, Sivan

Understanding Kiddushin Daf Yomi Sotah 17 1) WHAT PARTS OF PARSHAS SOTAH ARE WRITTEN AND ERASED QUESTION: The Mishnah cites three opinions of Tana'im regarding which verses of the Parshah of Sotah are written down and erased in the Mayim ha'Me'orerim, as the Torah commands (Bamidbar 5:23). The Parshah of Sotah (Bamidbar 5:19-22) consists of two distinct sections. The first section is a Shevu'ah with an Alah (Alah refers to a description of the punishment that will befall her if she sinned). This section is comprised of the words Im Lo Shachav Ish (second half of verse 19) until the end of verse 20. The second section is the Shevu'ah and an Alah, wherein the Kohen details to the woman what will happen to her if she sinned. Both sections begin with Tzava'os, introductory sentences telling the Kohen to administer the Shevu'ah. At the conclusion of the Parshah, the Torah tells the woman to answer Amen, Amen to the Alos. Rebbi Yosi maintains that the Kohen writes the entire Parshah. The Gemara explains that he derives from the Heh of ha'Alos (Bamidbar 5:23) that the first half of the Parshah is to be written. This first half is referred to as the Klalos ha'Ba'os Machmas Berachos (the Klalah that is implied by the Berachah). From the word Es in the phrase Es ha'Alos (ibid.) he derives that the Kohen must write the Tzava'os and Kabalos as well (the commands to the Kohen to administer the Shevu'ah, and the command to the woman to answer Amen, Amen). It seems that Rebbi Yosi holds that the Kohen starts writing from the beginning of the Parshah of Sotah, from the beginning of verse 19 (v'Hishbi'a Osah ha'Kohen), the command to the Kohen to administer the first Shevu'ah. However, RASHI on the Mishnah (DH Lo Hayah Mafsik) tells us that even according to Rebbi Yosi, the Kohen starts writing from the words Im Lo Shachav Ish (the second half of verse 19), which is the beginning of the actual Shevu'ah. He does not start writing from the beginning of the Parshah. This is also the opinion of the RAMBAM (in Perush ha'Mishnayos). Why do they not explain that Rebbi Yosi holds that the Kohen starts from the Tzava'ah of the Shevu'ah? If, like they say, Rebbi Yosi maintains that the first Tzava'ah is not written down, then what is Rebbi Yosi's source to differentiate between the two Tzava'os? The word Es, which teaches that the Tzava'ah is to be written, is an article subordinate to the word ha'Alos which refers to both the Alah and the Shevu'ah, and therefore Es should include both Tzava'os! The Es should include both the Tzava'ah of the Alah (the second Tzava'ah), and the Tzava'ah of the Klalah (the first Tzava'ah), because the Klalah itself is alluded to by the Heh of ha'Alos! ANSWER: Rashi learns from the wording of Rebbi Yosi in the Mishnah that Rebbi Yosi does not mean to include the Tzava'ah of the Klalah. Rebbi Yosi heard Rebbi Meir say that the Kohen starts from Im Lo Shachav (the beginning of the Klalah) and then skips the Tzava'ah between the Klalah and the Alah. Rebbi Yosi argues and says the Kohen did not skip anything but wrote everything from the point at which he started. Rebbi Yosi is not arguing that the Kohen starts *earlier*. Rather, he is arguing that once the Kohen has started writing the verses (from Im Lo Shachav), he continues without skipping. He agrees with Rebbi Meir that the Tzava'ah of the Klalah is not written. He argues only about writing the Tzava'ah of the Alah. How, though, does Rebbi Yosi learn from the verse to differentiate between the two Tzava'os? The answer is that Rebbi Yosi maintains that the Es is coming to add something to what is written *openly* in the verse -- the Alos, but not to something that is only hinted to in the verse, which is the Klalah (hinted to by the letter Heh of ha'Alos). 2) QUESTION: The Gemara asks why Rebbi Meir insists that the verse Im Lo Shachav is to be written and erased. Rebbi Meir holds that we cannot infer the inverse from a statement, and thus there is no point in writing the verse, If no man has lain with you and you have not committed adultery..., because it is not part of the Klalah that says that she will die if she sinned. What is the Gemara's question? Rebbi Meir says that the Heh of ha'Alos teaches that we write the Klalos ha'Ba'os Machmas Berachos. Even

Creative Technologies Analysis Essays

Creative Technologies Analysis Essays Creative Technologies Analysis Essay Creative Technologies Analysis Essay Essay Topic: and hate comments come up very regularly, which are often left unmanaged and not replied to. Moving on to Twitter, Creative has an account at http://twitter. Com/#! /creativeness, which has amassed 3,555 followers and 1,379 tweets as of 26 October 2011. The account mainly serves as a platform for Creative to address any general issues about their products and to promote their events such as Omega Contest. Apart from Faceable and Twitter, Creative has integrated the IRS feed. IRS (Really Simple Syndication) is a web standard for the delivery of content blob entries, news stories, headlines, images, video enabling readers to stay current with their favorite publications or producers without having to browse from site to site. In short, it is a one-stop location where users can stay updated on blobs and news content of their choice. Creatures website is embedded with IRS feed, which lets users subscribe to news and updates on Creative products automatically on a computer or a portable device. By doing so, loyal customers can effortlessly stay up to date on Creatures announcements and news on its new products without having to source for them manually. However, because the IRS feed simply broadcasts news to subscribers whenever there are updates, there is no proper system to sieve out news updates that customers are not interested in. For example, if a fan of Creative technology likes Creative music players only, he would not be interested in hearing news about its new Sandblaster card. Worse, the user might view subscription to the IRS feed with Creatures website to be an annoyance, leading him or her to inscribe. What is most impressive is Creatures Youth channel. On this channel, customers can choose to view video demonstrations of its various products all at one location, hence getting a further understanding of its capabilities, visually. In addition, the comment thread in Youth allows for interaction between Youth seers who participate in active discussions on the pros and cons of the various products. This information is very useful for customers to make sure that the product channel does have its demerits. The videos uploaded are controlled by Creative Headquarters and are usually nothing more than promotional videos to showcase the features of the products, Just like any commercial advertisements. Consumers may be more inclined to search for user-generated videos on Creative products which usually provide more information, especially if the consumer wants to know more about the faults and problems associated with the products they are about to buy. Although Creatures attempt at tapping into social media to expand its reach is laudable, the poor management of its foray into the social media channel has severely dented its objective in trying to retain it loyal customers by connecting with them and creating greater customer value. Clearly, more has to be done on Creatures part to integrate and improve social media into its operations and business strategies. This will portray an image of it being a firm that is up to date with technological trends for its customers to trust that they are indeed a brand that sells state-of-the-art technology, Just like Apple. . Our Proposals For Social Media The incorporation of social media generally achieves three goals for businesses: 1 . Create product awareness among the massive online audience. 2. Enable user content creation and distribution and creating a many-to-many model of mass communication, hence building customer relationships. 3. As a platform to make sales. 5. 1 Faceable Importanc e of Faceable The term social media would not have grown to such popularity and prominence if not for Faceable. It is now the worlds largest social networking website with a membership base today of more than 800 million users and growing, of which 50% go in to the portal every day. Its sheer size and scalability offers an excellent platform for viral marketing through positive word-of-mouth, leading to the coinage of the term Faceable Commerce (E-commerce). The E-commerce model relies heavily on social interactions and user contributions. A successful Faceable platform shapes dialogue and interaction to be multi-way, between the consumers themselves as well as with the companys customer service personnel. Consumers must be actively engaged and encouraged to contribute to the Faceable experience in order to increase fan conversion to customers, as well as customer retention. Integrating a successful F-commerce model into the companys existing business model will bring tremendous improvements to brand visibility, product/service relevance and quality due to direct feedback from customer base, and ultimately sales revenue. It also reduces costs associated with physical advertising by making the customers promote the companys products instead, thereby increasing profits and shareholder value. F- commerce Proposal for Creative We propose Creative create and maintain separate Faceable pages for each country and set up a social media management team consisting of technical personnel as ell as customer service representatives, with divisions for each country to maintain them. Having localized pages will better relate to the consumer base and can help the company understand specific local tastes and what the consumer preferences are, on their products, in each target market. Creative wishes to brand itself as a friendly interfaces and cool industrial designs to attract not Just the tech-sway, but also mass-market consumers. To do this, it needs to promote a culture of using Creatures products in everyday life and make the culture look accessible, hip and cool. As such, we propose modifying existing fan pages (Ireland, Italy etc. ) and creating new ones around the concept of a community lifestyle portal for this purpose. Within each fan page, segmenting the mass market users, and targeting each group individually through separate tabs would make content more relevant for consumers. Based on its target segments, we propose tabs for youth, family, kids, and mobile on-the-go. Garnering fans is essential in extending the reach of its advertising efforts. Creative should promote its Faceable page aggressively on its corporate/e-commerce website as well as physical store. Installing a fan-gate (where user has to like the Faceable page before he gets access to any page content) as well as providing one-time promo codes or discounts to anyone who likes the page are also options. Purchasing Faceable displaced would also market the companys page to accounts that may not know of its existence. Getting product content into fans news feeds, and making sure the content is impact is the next step. Creative should customize its fan page content based on local IT/music/movie happenings and integrate its products with the snippets, instead of Just posting sales announcements eke it does currently. Emphasizing email subscription is also important to reduce dependency on news feed edge rankings, which might lead to Creatures news not being posted onto fans news feeds at all. Additionally, Creative should post news on its public relations activities to increase awareness of its corporate social responsibility initiatives. This, in turn, would spread the image of a socially-conscious company, which creates positive branding. This will lead to increased sales. To make content delivery interesting, Creative should use other medium besides the usual pictures of its products and words. The social media management team could, for example, take videos of itself at work doing day-to-day activities using Creatures live! Am, and post it on its wall to give consumers a better idea of the products capabilities. This is because raw, viral videos often do more for publicity than professionally mastered advertisements. In addition, Creative should do more to encourage customers to post feedback on product purchases on its wall by replying to their comments as soon as possible, so as to create greater interaction. If the feedback is positive, staff should thank the consu mers. If it happens to be negative, staff should apologies, and clearly state the actions taken immediately to rectify the bad experience in the wall post. Doing so will prevent Creatures reputation from going down further, and makes customer service transparent. Potential customers have a better opinion of customer service, and will want to do business with company, increasing fan conversion to customers. Creative should also increase consumer input by actively engaging the Faceable fans in product discussion, design and implementation. Organizing contests for example to design skins for Zen players, beakers and tablets increases participation from young, vibrant design communities and hence increases consumer touch points. It also adds to Creatures cool, hip, and fun image. Asking for ideas on new products through the discussion tab will provide valuable information of what the market wants, and will ensure the new products products, Creative could test-drive them with a select group of active Faceable fans and ask them to post reviews on both Creatures and their own walls. This serves as an incentive for fans to be active contributors to the portal, and also increases word- f-mouth advertising of the products even before they are launched. To tap on the F- commerce phenomenon fully, the last step for Creative would then be to create a virtual seafront on Faceable itself. This allows users to complete transactions without ever having to leave the platform, reducing the hassle of multiple pop-up windows and instead making the shopping experience seamless. Creative could partner with Tack This! A third-party service from Everywhere Pet Ltd that allows companies to a seafront widget on multiple social media pages(egg. Faceable, blobs etc), all under one synchronized inventory system. Its automated order management system makes logistics easy, and automatic inventory updates reduce any chances of technical glitches in delivery. Payment is processed via Papal, debit/credit card, and even inter-bank transfer for Singapore, a feature not currently found on Cre atures e-commerce site. Challenges: There are three big challenges in using Faceable for business: building the number of Likes for its page and getting its posts noticed on a users wall among the numerous posts by a users friends and other pages that are so easy to Like these days. On December 17, 2010 The Auks Independent newspaper reported that Kit Cats Break by Break competition in combination with the advertising campaign around the brands 75th birthday has led to fans flocking to the brands Faceable page. 0,000 new users liked the brand on December 15, as of 12:00 GMT on December 16 Kit Kate has attracted nearly a further 2,000 unique likes and Jumped straight to number 8 in the daily fan charts. Hence, as mentioned earlier, Creative can organize contests and competitions, especially during special occasions, to attract attention onto its page. The last halogen is that there are still areas of the world today that has limited penetration by Faceable, for example, China, a major customer segment of Cr eative. Entities in China predominately use domestic versions of Faceable. 5. 2 Twitter Twitter and Its Impacts on Modern Business In todays globalizes world, it is important for businesses to stay as agile as possible. For corporations such as Creative, it is important for them to be informed about latest trends, updates, news and information about relevant products from their competitors. Twitter provides such capability by creating a platform for businesses ND consumers to give real-time feedback loop instantaneously. Twitter is a powerful marketing tool because it not only allows businesses to receive feedbacks and comments on their latest products, it also provides a platform for businesses to introduce their products and any upcoming events. Moreover, individuals today have developed sophisticated applications that will aid businesses in marketing analysis. Applications developed and hosted on websites such as Enforce allow users to be connected to Twitter through their mobiles and also, data to aid users in forming strategies to attract clients to their Twitter accounts. Proposal On Possible Improvements For Creative While Creative has made an attempt to respond to customers feedbacks and to make use of Twitter to promote upcoming events, it can do more. Creative can segregate marketing applications from web stores such as Enforce to analyses consumers responses and feedback about their products and events. Applications such as Crossbreed provide statistics of Creatures re-tweets from followers. Followers responses would give Creative a gauge about customers impressions and satisfaction levels of their products and events. From there, Creative can model their true events and products to better cater to customers needs and preference. Creative can also make use of applications like Twisting to forge strong relationships with important clients. Through tweets and responses, Creative can filter out customers who are unhappy about the services and products provided. From there, Creative can make use of Twisting to send real gifts to the clients. This will help to not only appease unsatisfied clients, but also to prove their customer eccentricity. Challenges: Twitter, on its own, lacks facilities for group interactions. Twitter often acts as a one-way communication platform. Many Twitter accounts, in fact, are setup to be this way with automated feeds that post content or links, especially for businesses to simply get the word out or to promote links. In such cases, people arent as invested into the service, with little or no relationship building with customers as a result. Furthermore, a concerning development for Twitter is the reports that state the percentage of users who sign up for Twitter that actually turn into daily users. A recent article on the Business Insider discussed the fact that only 15 million people in the US use Twitter. Twitter has said it has 65 million US users. That is a huge gap, and this discrepancy comes from people trying out Twitter but never becoming a frequent user, hence creating many dormant accounts. Both of these factors pose a real challenge to Creative when tapping on Twitter, as it will be unable to reach, attract, and interact with a large enough audience to Justify its initial investment. Also, Twitter does not have penetration in certain target markets of Creative. . 3 Blobs Blobs And Their Impacts On Businesses A corporation might also choose to create an external blob. A corporations external blob is a public wobble where employees or representatives of the corporation make announcements or share views about anything related to the operations of the corporation. It is generally used to promote latest products or any upcoming events organized by the corporation. Externa l blobs can be written for BBC (Business to Customers) or BIB (Business to Business) and they are generally open to comments from the public. This is to allow communication between the public and the corporation, which is crucial is a corporation wants to produce goods that are favored by its clients. Although Creative has an official website, it does not have a corporate blob that allows interactions between the company and the general public. For a large corporation like Creative, it is crucial for it to be aware of customers concerns and feedbacks. Having an external blob would allow creative to interact with its customers and to create products that are more customer-centric. Proposals on possible improvements for Creative Creative can set up an external corporate blob that allows the public to keep track of the latest products and up-to-date announcements about events and promotions. The public should also be allowed to give replies and comments about any posts should be assigned to keep track of any possible spam mails and also to reply any concerns as soon as possible. An effective blob would benefit Creative as it would be more informed about the various concerns and they can pass information efficiently to its clients. Alternatively, Creative can set up a CEO Blob. In this case, Creatures CEO Simi Wong Who can set up a public blob that addresses concerns and issues regarding his company. CEO blobs are favored by the public because they allow total transparency between the CEO and the consumers. Consumers can post concerns and Simi would be able to address those concerns personally. Creative can enlist the help of lifestyle/entertainment/tech floggers to do independent reviews on heir products for them, effectively reaching out to its target consumers. Challenges: Blob posts are generally long and tedious to create. Creative may not have the time or resources to update and maintain its blob regularly. 5. 4 Youth Youth uses Adobe Flash Video and HTML technology to display a wide variety of user-generated video content, including movie clips, TV clips, and music videos, as well as amateur content such as video blobbing and short original videos uploaded by individuals and unregistered users may watch videos, while registered users may upload an unlimited number of videos. Recently, several companies have created their own online channels within Youth, and as for Creative, this takes the form of a website with video commercials and demonstrations uploaded by Creative Headquarters there is a clear absence of user-generated videos which is what Youth prides itself for. The existing Youth channel could be further improved by featuring user-generated videos that provide more useful and independent information regarding their products. This will help to increase user time spent as an interactive online community is created. E. G. Person X could create a video based on he pros and cons of buying a TO speaker, and when someone posts questions on the video, Person X and the entire community can engage in discussions about the product, with the Creative administrator simply Just going through the threads to see if queries and information are accurately answered. Through the creation of an online community, formation of interest groups will be facilitated, leading to sharing of knowledge and experiences regarding products. There will also be increased sense of belonging to the community associated with ownership of videos.

Statistics in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Statistics in Business - Essay Example ii. Inferential statistics is the second type that deals with the collection of samples from a large statistical set of data and deducing general conclusions. Therefore, descriptive statistics summarizes business data while inferential statistics computes the same information in the form of representative samples. i. Nominal statistics. It is the categorical discrete data for example names that represent the units being measured. In business such names may include examples like the types of cars being sold or the organizational department involved in a particular transaction ii. Ordinal or Rank. Refers to the ordering or ranking of the quantities being measured. A business empire may choose to rate its departments in a particular order of merit when conducting statistical analysis iii. Interval data. It is similar to ordinal in terms of ranking except for the fact the intervals between statistical values are split on an equal basis. Financial information appertaining to a business can be split orderly to create equal intervals to aid in statistical analysis iv. Ratios. Show statistical relationships between various sets of data. Therefore, comparison of financial and other statistical business information is made possible. Examples of business ratios are liquidity, profitability and efficiency Statistics gives a scope of the market and enable the managing body of a business to plan appropriately for the customers. When statistical analysis is conducted on a representative sample of customers, the process becomes cost-effective because not every customer has to be involved. Therefore, the organization is able to formulate a cost-effective financial plan in relation to the target market. Leaders in business organizations make vital decisions for the business. Such decisions should be supported by an accurate and substantive basis. Statistical

Drug Use and Abuse Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Drug Use and Abuse - Assignment Example What changes in a family might discourage drug abuse?The family is the basic unit in the society and shapes the behaviour of the individual. A family that exposes the students to vices such as violence and exposure to drugs promotes drug abuse. The presence of drugs in the house will tempt students to use drugs.Families should encourage dialogue to ensure that children do not turn to drugs as a way to relieve stress. Drugs such as alcohol and cigarettes should be kept away from the students. The parents should avoid arguing when the children are around. Exposing the children to violence should be avoided (Maisto, Galizio, and Connors 423).  3. Adolescents can be a challenging group to teach. Why might this group of students be disposed to experiment with drugs? Adolescence is the stage between childhood and adulthood. This group is a challenging group to teach because it is characterized by the need for independence. Adolescents are prone to experiment with drugs compared to other groups. Educating the adolescence the impacts of drug abuse is important in the battle against drugs. Peer pressure is one of the reasons that lead to drug abuse by adolescents. Stability in the family also exposes the group to drugs. The availability of drugs and a culture that accepts drug use puts the adolescents at risk of drug abuse. Academic pressure may also lead to drug abuse by the group. Alcohol is a legal drug that is abused by students due to its availability and cost. Alcohol enters the body orally or through the mouth.

Plato's Allegory of the Cave Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Plato's Allegory of the Cave - Essay Example This is because we are being told lies every minute of our lives. Currently people are chained to a wall known as stereotypes. We are made to believe that the stereotypes we see in the media are precisely the same in reality, something which is not true. Most ignorant individuals have it that every Muslim is a terrorist .Generally, most people falsely believe that all American lasses are full figured idealists, Asians are quite smart, the Irish take Guinness the whole day, Canadians dwell in igloos, Mexicans are field laborer and Jamaicans are forever high. Most Americans currently think that anybody hailing from Middle East is a suicide bomber or a Muslim terrorist. The media which is the inferno behind us is portraying these stereotypes with ignorance fueling the inferno. People therefore, have to break free from the wall, get past the inferno and out of the cave to really observe things as they are in reality (Hanly, 2007). People thus, need to re-educate themselves on what they should believe about various nationalities as well as cultures surrounding us. Breaking free form the wall will allow us to view people for their individual characters and who they really are, instead of some ill thought of stereotypical

IT Corporate Strategy for Competitive Advantage

IT Corporate Strategy for Competitive Advantage IT Strategy – The Corporate Strategy for Competitive Advantage? The last few decades have seen a tremendous advance in the field of information technology. The rise of internet and the developments in the field of information technology have had a great impact on business. New methods of communications and managing business operations have changed the face of business. This increased use of technology resulted in an awareness of the need for technology strategies, and many companies soon realised that a coherent IT strategy was required in order to put technology to good use. There is now widespread awareness of the strategic importance of information technology. Bakos and Treacy (1986) pointed out that the opportunities arising from information technology are threefold: improved efficiency and effectiveness of the organisation, out-manoeuvring other participants in the industry, and the advantage an outsider can give themselves when trying to enter the industry. They further point out that these opportunities represent three major strategic views of corporate strategy: internal strategy, competitive strategy and business portfolio strategy. Evan and Wurster (2000) state that the new economics of information blows traditional business structures to bits and the pieces of will then recombine into new business structures. What this translates to is that, the varied possibilities offered by information technology breaks up traditional reach and supply chain structures – an ever widening target market can be reached using the new technologies, and the economics of supply and delivery is broken with the new technological methods of delivery . Once example of this is the newspaper business. The delivery of online news reaches a much wider audience, while the economics of traditional newspaper delivery is lost. Another side effect of the increased reach offered by information technology is that the need for intermediaries is greatly reduced. The newspaper business will probably need fewer outlets to physically sell their newspapers. The economics of using intermediaries also changes substantially. Another industry that has experienced a revolution caused by information technology is the travel industry. Package holiday travel agents on the high street have faced severe competition from competitors who have used technology to gain great competitive advantage – there are many business selling airline tickets, hotel bookings, etc. online; the companies that do business online have great advantages in various areas such as reach, cost of conducting business, the advantages provided by instant updates for both the busi ness and customers, etc. Johnson et al (2005) in fact regard technological changes as one of the change elements of the (business) environment. Environmental analysis is usually done using PESTLE analysis, scenario analysis, SWOT analysis, etc. Analysis of technological change is one of the pillars of PESTLE analysis. Johnson et al (2005) further point out that the SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis for LINK, the network of UK ATMs, revealed that the threat it would face was from a competitor with the capability to develop more advanced technologies to capture the future market. This is in fact an example of the strategic gap the gap between the capabilities of an organisation and the major environmental factors of change. The extent to which an organisation keeps up with the state of the art developments in its field often creates a strategic gap. The strategic gap is important because it measures the gap between the now, the organisations current position, and the desired, the o rganisations desired position. Globalisation, that phenomenon of increased integration of markets around the world, is often attributed to free trade and economic treaties between most countries of the world; however, information technology has also been a major enabling factor in globalisation. New technologies have allowed instant communication, the transfer and dissemination of information to wider audiences and to audiences that have been otherwise out of reach, and correspondingly, have resulted in wider markets with reduced costs and greater reach. Thus technology has facilitated the creation of global networks, which has lead to the term weightless economy and virtual enterprise being applied to modern business (Dransfield, 2001, Lefebvre and Lefebvre, 1998). The dot-com boom and bust has now subsided, and businesses do understand that technology is not the magic wand to success, but is a powerful tool that can bring great advantages. The advantages offered by the Internet simply cannot be ignored. It is also widely accepted that the implementation and use of technology requires a coherent IT strategy. Many large organisations today have the specific top executive post of Chief Information Officer, who is responsible for developing the IT strategy. Hagel and Brown (2001) point out that old IT management assumptions will be overturned by the stream of new Internet based services that offer great cost savings and new opportunities for collaboration. Old ERP (enterprise resource planning) systems have solved some problems, but have created new ones, especially because they are very restrictive. The Internet on the other hand, has a very defining characteristic of being open and flexible – it is based on open standards, has email and w eb servers distributed all around the globe, and anyone can easily set up servers that offer web services. Hagel and Brown further say that businesses should effect a transition to a new IT strategy based on Web-based services. They recommend a strategy that builds on the companys existing systems, starting with the peripheral operations, and the use of common platforms for collaborations. They predict that the early use of Web services focused on reducing costs will be followed by its use for efficiency. The development of a new IT strategy however, has to be in alignment with the business strategy. Louis et al (1998) bring a strategic alignment perspective to the study of successful management of information technology and stress the need for internal consistency between IT strategy and business strategy. They define four types of alignment between IT strategy and business strategy Business- strategy-led, Conservative, Organization-led and Technology-led. Plant (2000) identifies one key issue of strategy execution that is often overlooked by an organisation – content ownership. He states that content may be king, but the best content often comes from an acknowledgement that it is the total environment within the organisation that contributes and supports to the development of that content. This in fact can be said to be the cornerstone of the strategy for management of information. Plant also rightly points out that e-commerce organisations require a much more adaptive struc ture than traditional command and control structures. He suggests that the formulation of Internet strategies must vary according to whether the organisation was born on the Internet, has been established and is now moving to the Internet, or forming new collaborations on the Internet, and describes in detail the process each type of organisation can adopt to formulate their Internet strategies. Dell Computers is a company that has leveraged on the Internet and created a business model that has given itself a very powerful competitive advantage over its competitors. It is a very good example of a company that has formulated a very good business strategy that uses the Internet to specifically gain advantage over its competitors. Michael Dell, who set up Dell Computers famously said that Think of the Internet as a weapon there on the table. Either you pick it up or your competitor doesbut somebody is going to get killed. (Burrows, 1999). Arora et al explain that the presence of markets for technology conditions the IT strategy as well as the corporate strategy of companies. The markets for technology increase the strategy space, as companies have a choice about the use of technology. This in turn has implications for the management to formulate a strategy for more proactive management of technology. They further point out that at the industry level, markets for technology may lower barriers to entry and increase competition, which has important implications for the companys broader strategy as well. As society evolves and becomes more technology dependant, businesses have to evolve correspondingly too. It is no longer sufficient to simply be the best – change happens, and companies have to adapt to this change in order to maintain their position. Technology is one of the biggest factors of this change and this makes it very important that corporate business strategy and IT strategy of a company are in alignment for a company to succeed. References Arora, A., Fosfuri, A. and Gambardella, A. (2001) Markets for Technology and their Implications for Corporate Strategy Industrial and Corporate Change, Vol 10, Number 2, pp. 419-451 Oxford University Press Bakos, J.Y., Treacy, M.E. (1986) Information Technology and Corporate Strategy: A Research Perspective MIS Quaterly Vol. 10, No.2, p.107 Burrows, P. (1999) Michael S. Dell BusinessWeek Online, September 27, 1999 Issue (Available online at http://www.businessweek.com/1999/99_39/b3648052.htm last accessed May 2007) Dransfield, R. (2001) Corporate Strategy Harcourt Heineman Evan P Wurster T (2000) Blown to Bits, How the New Economics of Information Transforms Strategy Boston, Mass. : Harvard Business School / London McGraw-Hill. Hagel, J. and Brown, J.S. (2001) Your Next IT Strategy Harvard Business Review Oct 2001, pp. 105 – 113. Hee-Dong Y., Mason, R.M. (1998) The Internet, value chain visibility and learning Proceedings of the Thirty-First Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 1998. Vol. 6 pp. 23-32 Johnson, G. and Scholes, K., Whittington, R. (2005) Exploring Corporate Strategies Harlow: Prentice-Hall, 7th Edition Ma, L.C.K., Burn, J.M., Galliers, R.D., Powell, P. (1998) Successful management of information technology: a strategic alignment perspective Proceedings of the Thirty-First Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 1998. Vol. 6 pp. 13-14 Boddy, D, Boonstra, A. and Kennedy G. (2005) Managing Information systems: An Organisational Perspective Harlow: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. 2nd Edition Laudon C. and Laudon, J.P. (2006) Management Information Systems Upper Saddle River, NJ : Pearson/Prentice Hall, 9th Edition

Climate Change Essay -- Essays Papers

â€Å"The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change projects that, if unchecked, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations by 2100 will range from 650 to 970 parts per million. As a result, the panel estimates, average global temperature would probably rise by 2.7 to 10.4 degrees between 1990 and 2100 †. Climate change Earth changing climate is attracting more serious attention of environmentalists and politicians in last the years due to heavy concern over the future of our earth. Human heavy dependence on the use of fossil fuels, 90% of commercial energy, is responsible for the 22 % of industrial emissions of gases. According to Michael Toman, â€Å"humans are greatly adding the presence of the gases, commonly referred to as greenhouse gases (GHG’s), by burning fossil fuels and through other industrial activities as well as various kinds of land use, such as deforestation. Such activities are significantly changing the level of gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere which in return can â€Å"work against us when they trap too much sunlight and block outward radiation †. In order to avoid global catastrophe associated with threat of global warming we need to act by reducing global emissions of greenhouse gas concentrations into atmosphere. Global climate change will affect everybody in the world. The negative impacts of global arming will include severe weather change, hobbled ecosystems, with less diversity, with less safe drinking water; inundation of coastal areas from rising sea levels; and greater spread of deceases. As an illustration author, have depicted the growing issue of cancer which can be the leading diseased caused by the erosion of ozone layer that protects people from ultraviolet radiation from the su... ...ler cumulative contribution to the problem and their need for economic growth. Notwithstanding this reality , these nations must be bound by some commitment in the future. 3. A mechanism to encourage transnational investment in technologies that reduce emissions- the creation of a market in emissions reductions will spur the development of the necessary technology and allow reductions to be achieved in the cheapest way possible with allocation of costs consistent with responsibility. In order to protect the earth’s climate we would need to find proper economically suitable and ecologically efficient method that will stop accelerating excess of GHGs. Thus, international cooperation with a organized method should be found for prevention of further damage to our eco system with little economic damage.

New York Police Department Recruitment and Challenges

Thesis StatementSome of this is funny†¦most of it, if accurate, is outrageous. While some of the latter is verifiable, it is difficult to sort out just how much is simply sour grapes and whining because 40 miles to the East, Suffolk Country MOS have a huge contract. New York Police Department cannot get enough applicants to give a test for Police officers 88% of Port Authority Police Department Academy graduates are from New York Police Department cops, 50% of a new class of NYFD class are from New York Police Department. (Lung Worthy et al, 1986).IntroductionThe New York City Police (NYPD) has over the last years been known to be the largest municipal police force in the world with a vital primary responsibility to enforce the law and carry out investigations within the five boroughs of the New York City, which include Nassau, Suffolk, Westchester etc. (Fred. M. Rafilson, 2000).NYPD is dedicated to work towards enhancing the quality of life in the city by working in accordance to the constitution. This is achieved through its mission statement, which is â€Å"Enforce the law, preserve the peace, reduce fear and provide for a safe environment†. (Fred. M. Rafilson, 2000). This in result entails to preventing fear and responding to crime.In the United States, NYPD is considered as being the first modern style police department being an array of specialized services. It is contracted and dedicated to offering expertise in technical operations, K-9, diving or marine skills, aviation or helicopter skills, bomb disposal technology, counterterrorism technology, intelligence skills, antigang techniques, narcotics detection, public transportation, control and public housing. The NYPD has extensive crime scene investigations and laboratory resources while not also overlooking their units, which assist with computer crime investigations. (Fred. M. Rafilson, 2000)Recruitment Requirements for NYPDTo pace afoot into the NYPD academy, the following requirements ar e a prerequisite: one must be an United States citizen at the time of application; one must possess a valid high school diploma or an educational equivalent; one must have successfully completed either sixty (60) college credits from a credible college or a university with at least 2.0 GPA or two (2) years full time United States Military Service. (Reaves, Brian A., 1996).However, one could achieve the above qualifications yet be disqualified for admission because of the following factors: – One may have been convicted of an offence, which indicates lack of good moral character, or disposition towards violence or disorder or which is punishable by one or more years of imprisonment; one may have undergone repeated convictions of an offence, which indicates disrespect of the law; one may have been discharged from an employment as a result of poor behavior or inability to adjust to discipline; one may have been discharged in a dishonorable manner from the military service; one m ay have been convicted of an offence for domestic violence misdemeanor; and lastly, one may have been convicted for committing a felony. (Lung Worthy et al, 1986).A Practical SituationDespite all these requirements and all the theoretical expectations from these special, well-trained and skilled cops a great problem looms in their working circumstances. For any person to work there is always expectations of commensurate benefits from the field of occupation necessary for the daily upkeep of the individual and dependants. The standard of life should also have a direct relationship with the rightful inputs of an individual to the workplace.Future progress should also be projected by the current occupation performance and renumeration. Other workplace related benefits are also very crucial determinants of an employee wellbeing and welfare. All these issues if not properly addressed, will lead to decreased morale, decreased output and poor performance and ultimately high degree of emplo yees’ dropout leading to high turnovers.This is the critical condition facing the NYPD. In 2005, there was a state arbitration and a panel of judges’ decree covering a contract negotiation between NYPD representatives and state representatives, which came up with a pay decrease for new officers. The new outcomes have been discussed here: – On admission, a new hire during training is supposed to earn $25,100 per year. This continues for the next six (6) months. On the completion of the Police Academy, the respective individual becomes entitled to an annual salary increase up to $32,700. To explain this, the state argues that the salaries were adjusted as a result of inflation. In practice these figures are far much low below the living standards of an employed person and they happen to be the lowest pay levels in history for rookie NYPD cops.This was a wrong decision by the jurisdiction of lowering the starting pay for new officers at such a time that the officer s are most impressionable and this act seems particularly unwise to majority of the people. The salary plunge is blamed on state arbitrator and is seen as a bad public policy to reduce the starting salary. The union officers argued that the city first suggested lower starting salaries to fund the pay raises and arbitration was taken to because the city refused to negotiate across the table. The conventional wisdom when applied tends to purport an inverse relationship between salary and corruption as witnessed in the jurisdiction such as New Orleans. (Fred. M. Rafilson, 2000).The issue at hand is very crucial towards motivation of workers. A person of proper orientation cannot even dream or think about joining this career, which is devoid of motivation considering that there exists a high degree of risk in this profession. The situation is further compounded by the fact that out of the meangle pays, the respective officer is expected to purchase virtually all of their belongings and personal items. The items include officers’ uniforms and equipment, which one would expect to get from the Academy or employer. Some issues of quality items in this respect it is worth mentioning.Due to the fact of fluctuated pay anybody is highly tempted to go for the least expensive item and it is common sense that least expensive is least quality. The practice of officers buying uniforms and equipment for themselves has an outlay that can easily run into thousands of dollars. As a solution, the Municipal Union in 2007 through the Municipal Credit Union began issuing visa credit cards to the Police Academy as a way to borrow the money needed towards the mandatory equipment purchases.Top pay for experienced officers is no better compared with pay of other potential employers. The recommended top pay for an experienced NYPD officer is $59,588 not including overtime payments and other forms of compensation. The major contributor to these problems is the municipal funding agent s, which although it has continually funded other city project.The new basketball arena in Brooklyn got an approximate 8.3 acres land, which although it was a part of a forest the administration asserts that this is no land grabbing. For the sake of its development it got a further $100 million. (Kleining John, 1996). The Second Avenue Train line got the full funding agreement with a massive $2.5 bond issues and its work expected to follow within weeks to months. (Kleining John, 1996).The Mayor’s Green Plan is raising quite substantial amount whereby drivers are levied for entering Manhattan at rates of $8 for personal vehicles and $21 for truck operators. Major tugs of war have been evidently available as is the case of the New York Civil Liberties Union (NYCLU), which urged the council members to provide the Civilian Complaint Review Board (CCRB) with adequate funding and to hold it accountable for recent lapses in its performance. NYCLU decried to Mayor Bloomberg’s proposals to cut CCRB funding by $1.2 million eliminating twenty four investigator positions and urged the city council to restore the CCRB’s funding to demand cooperation from NYPD and other agencies involved in the civilian review process.The NYCLU was actively instrumental in the creation of the independent CCRB in the year 2002, and has been an outspoken advocate for a vigorous and independent civilian review system. As part of this effort, the NYCLU has fought CCRB budget cuts year after year and has been highly critical of NYPD efforts to undermine the CCRB’s work. (Kleining John, 1996). Whereas the policy makers and implementers argue that they are in favor of keeping tabs on the people suspected of unlawful activities, they argue that the police should not be scrutinizing law abiding New Yorkers’ activities without regulations.Low pay is driving more and more New York’s finest to leave the job despite ranks being bolstered. Especially in 2005 and 2006, 1,769 officers were reported to quit job before their retirement eligibility. (Kleining John, 1996). The numbers have had a real impact on the streets and city hall does not have the courage to solve the problem.Difficulties Compounding Police Force IssueSome extremely difficult times were experienced in the city brought about by the economic downturn of the 1970. An arson attack particularly plagued Bronx leading to permeability of an atmosphere of lawlessness in the city. In addition, the city’s financial crisis led to a hiring freeze on all city departments including the NYPD from 1976 to 1980. (Eli B. Silverman, 1990). A crack epidemic of late 1980s and early 1990s followed in suit the arson attack, which is believed most certainly led to the city’s homicide rate to soar to an all time higher. A marvelous record of murder, so great that it has yet remained difficult to break in any other US major city, was recorded in 1990. (Eli B. Silverman, 1990).The situat ion was further complicated by continuous thefts associated with drug addiction increasing became common. Furthermore, on September 11, 2001, twenty-three NYPD officers were killed when the World Trade Centre collapsed due to terrorist attack. More lives were lost that year than any other year in the NYPD’s history. (Eli B. Silverman, 1990).All through history, the NYPD has suffered from numerous allegations of corruption. However, as the many commissions of inquiry convened to inquire about these alleged matters, the results have shown these instances of corruption reflect far greater on the individual’s involved rather than do on a systemic form of corruption. As a matter of fact, the instances of corruption when compared through statistics to the sheer number of the departments as a whole, the NYPD actually has a lower corruption rate than many other departments.Most commissions on corruption blame low morale and chronically low salary as the large contributing fact or. As things sour up to such heights it remains questionable as to the destiny and way out for these unlucky officers. Information permeability is in place of existing training and working condition in other departments of equal capacity as the NYPD.Situation Outside NYPDIt is crystal clear that in nearby departments’ payments is considerably more ranging from $50,000 for new hires and over $90,000 for experienced officers. Over the last few years hundreds of NYPD city officers have been found to leave for higher paying jobs with other agencies notably the Nassau County Police Department, the Suffolk County Police Department and the Port Authority Police of New York and New Jersey. (Bratton et al, 1998). Discontent over pay issues has become so widespread and so well known that higher paying departments in the lower cost of living areas such as the Rochester New York Police are actively recruiting NYPD officers to join their forces.Large numbers of NYPD officers have also mi grated to the New York City Fire Departments where, although the payments are similar to that of NYPD, work schedules are more attractive and they are privileged to have a more amicable relationship with the public. (Bratton et al, 1998). However, the NYPD is not comfortable with the exodus taken by their trained employees. Resources have been used for the training and therefore the exodus is a big loss to NYPD. Employees’ turnover is also a bad influence facing NYPD as a result of this exodus.Therefore, to counteract the exodus, the NYPD is using contract changes to forbid the prior practice of allowing police officers who join the fire department to transfer their seniority for a compensation purposes. With all new firefighters now compelled to begin working at the same starting pay, the number of NYPD officials willing to exit over to the FDNY is likely to fall considerably. (Bratton et al, 1998).Some NYPD officers charge that the department leadership is seeking to stem t he flow of officers to other jurisdictions by administrative means. In January 2006, 35 NYPD officers seeking to move to the Port Authority Police sued the NYPD claiming that it was refusing to make their personal records available to Ports Authority Police Department (PAPD) background investigators. The plaintiffs won the injunction at the trial level but the appellate division in January 2007 overturned that ruling and ordered that case to trial. (James T. Hamilton, 2000). For its part, the NYPD claims that its actions are merely in line with the personnel practices of any other employers and that there is no â€Å"stealth† effort to prevent officers from moving elsewhere.Nonetheless, it is a fact that no NYPD officers have been included in the last PAPD Police Academy as a result of the deliberate confinement of their background records by their employer NYPD. Despite these obstacles, there are signs that the exodus from the NYPD may become accelerating. In 2006, 902 offic ers resigned before eligibility for retirement. The number had been 867 in the previous year (2005) and 635 in the other previous year (2004), which contributes for an attrition rate of around 2%. (James T. Hamilton, 2000).While the Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly insists that the figures compares positively with the turnover rates in private industry, police union officials note that the proper comparison should be with prior years on the NYPD records in past years. For example, in 1991 only 15% officers left early thus recording an attrition rate of less than one half of one percent. (James T. Hamilton, 2000).The unfair state in NYPD has impacted negative picture of the Academy. Recruits and skilled officers are expected to take care of their transport costs. They are also supposed to cater for costs of their duty belts, handcuffs, flashlights etc. whenever they wear out. The cost of maintaining fresh supplies has been uncatered for by the Academy. The supervisors treat recruits and officers like children and the harsh manner of the supervisors create disrespect in the Academy. Recruits are taken for field experience and during the occasion they are given up to supervisory jobs. Due to the frequent turnover some identified officers and recruits are forced to act on supervisory capacity without an extra pay.At the end of it all participation in unions is crippled due to crippled financial status. They are also incapacitated to play meaningful roles in the society and their background society issues are very poor.The potential recruit of NYPD should expect to earn the lowest pay while working in the most dangerous environment in the tri-state area and should also expect picayune disciplinary action with a trial room having nearly 100% conviction rate. Dozens of civilian complaints from criminals and then complaints are investigated by cop hating, democratic club hacks. The recruit should also expect to be a great â€Å"white defendant† seeking publici ty, grand-standing district attorney have their life ruined when they make a good faith mistake they become financially destroyed plus their families by paying huge money in legal fees.The cop expects the boss ever behind while executing duties, any civilian complaint with a controversial case falls on the cops shoulders. The supervisors of the cops are ready to protect politicians at the expense of their junior cops. The members of the department above the rank of lieutenant are ready to earn promotion through suppression of their juniors. The NYPD cop members are the most demoralized army group. They give protection to millions of liberal, unappreciative citizens and democratic officers who hate them.The cops are also vilified by phony ministers who command huge sums of government poverty money to aid and assist crime. The cops transcend through six months of training then in disquiets join other police departments leaving their leaders searching for reasons of the exodus. As seni or members of NYPD shift to other departments, such as Suffolk County Cop, a vacancy opening leaves a promotion slot quickly.ConclusionThe result of poor funding in NYPD is a poor social economic structure. This leads to exit and exodus of those who enter NYPD Academy leading to brain drain and employee turnover. The lack of funding has created a huge salary disparity between NYPD and other same category departments. Any well-qualified person fears any indulgence with NYPD. Although their entry requirements are well outlines, a number of recruits gain entry into the Academy without the possession of valid driving licenses, relevant credentials possibility of suffering some disqualifications creates problems of retention of probationary employees since discontent and lack of motivation is the cause of exodus to a better place.ReferencesBratton, William J. & Knobler Peter (1998) Turnaround: How American Top Cops Reversed the Crime Epidemic. New York: Random House.Eli B. Silverman (199 0) NYPD Battles Crime: Innovative Strategies in Policing. North Eastern University Press. ISBN-13:978-15555340011.Fred. M. Rafilson (2000) Police Officer Arco; 13th Ed. ISBN-13:978-0028637419.James T. Hamilton (2000) Channeling Violence. Princeton University Press. New Ed. ISBN-13:978-0691070247.Kleining John (1996) The Ethics of Policing. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Lung Worthy, Robert H. (1986) The Structure of Police Organizations. New York. Praeger.Reaves, Brian A. (1996) Local Police Departments. Diane Pub Co. ISBN-13:978-0788130076. New York Police Department Recruitment And Challenges Some of this is funny†¦most of it, if accurate, is outrageous. While some of the latter is verifiable, it is difficult to sort out just how much is simply sour grapes and whining because 40 miles to the East, Suffolk Country MOS have a huge contract. New York Police Department cannot get enough applicants to give a test for Police officers 88% of Port Authority Police Department Academy graduates are from New York Police Department cops, 50% of a new class of NYFD class are from New York Police Department. (Lung Worthy et al, 1986).IntroductionThe New York City Police (NYPD) has over the last years been known to be the largest municipal police force in the world with a vital primary responsibility to enforce the law and carry out investigations within the five boroughs of the New York City, which include Nassau, Suffolk, Westchester etc. (Fred. M. Rafilson, 2000).NYPD is dedicated to work towards enhancing the quality of life in the city by working in accordance to the constitut ion. This is achieved through its mission statement, which is â€Å"Enforce the law, preserve the peace, reduce fear and provide for a safe environment†. (Fred. M. Rafilson, 2000). This in result entails to preventing fear and responding to crime.In the United States, NYPD is considered as being the first modern style police department being an array of specialized services. It is contracted and dedicated to offering expertise in technical operations, K-9, diving or marine skills, aviation or helicopter skills, bomb disposal technology, counterterrorism technology, intelligence skills, antigang techniques, narcotics detection, public transportation, control and public housing. The NYPD has extensive crime scene investigations and laboratory resources while not also overlooking their units, which assist with computer crime investigations. (Fred. M. Rafilson, 2000)Recruitment Requirements for NYPDTo pace afoot into the NYPD academy, the following requirements are a prerequisite : one must be an United States citizen at the time of application; one must possess a valid high school diploma or an educational equivalent; one must have successfully completed either sixty (60) college credits from a credible college or a university with at least 2.0 GPA or two (2) years full time United States Military Service. (Reaves, Brian A., 1996).However, one could achieve the above qualifications yet be disqualified for admission because of the following factors: – One may have been convicted of an offence, which indicates lack of good moral character, or disposition towards violence or disorder or which is punishable by one or more years of imprisonment; one may have undergone repeated convictions of an offence, which indicates disrespect of the law; one may have been discharged from an employment as a result of poor behavior or inability to adjust to discipline; one may have been discharged in a dishonorable manner from the military service; one may have been con victed of an offence for domestic violence misdemeanor; and lastly, one may have been convicted for committing a felony. (Lung Worthy et al, 1986).A Practical SituationDespite all these requirements and all the theoretical expectations from these special, well-trained and skilled cops a great problem looms in their working circumstances. For any person to work there is always expectations of commensurate benefits from the field of occupation necessary for the daily upkeep of the individual and dependants. The standard of life should also have a direct relationship with the rightful inputs of an individual to the workplace. Future progress should also be projected by the current occupation performance and renumeration. Other workplace related benefits are also very crucial determinants of an employee wellbeing and welfare. All these issues if not properly addressed, will lead to decreased morale, decreased output and poor performance and ultimately high degree of employees’ dr opout leading to high turnovers.This is the critical condition facing the NYPD. In 2005, there was a state arbitration and a panel of judges’ decree covering a contract negotiation between NYPD representatives and state representatives, which came up with a pay decrease for new officers. The new outcomes have been discussed here: – On admission, a new hire during training is supposed to earn $25,100 per year. This continues for the next six (6) months. On the completion of the Police Academy, the respective individual becomes entitled to an annual salary increase up to $32,700. To explain this, the state argues that the salaries were adjusted as a result of inflation. In practice these figures are far much low below the living standards of an employed person and they happen to be the lowest pay levels in history for rookie NYPD cops.This was a wrong decision by the jurisdiction of lowering the starting pay for new officers at such a time that the officers are most impr essionable and this act seems particularly unwise to majority of the people. The salary plunge is blamed on state arbitrator and is seen as a bad public policy to reduce the starting salary. The union officers argued that the city first suggested lower starting salaries to fund the pay raises and arbitration was taken to because the city refused to negotiate across the table. The conventional wisdom when applied tends to purport an inverse relationship between salary and corruption as witnessed in the jurisdiction such as New Orleans. (Fred. M. Rafilson, 2000).The issue at hand is very crucial towards motivation of workers. A person of proper orientation cannot even dream or think about joining this career, which is devoid of motivation considering that there exists a high degree of risk in this profession. The situation is further compounded by the fact that out of the meangle pays, the respective officer is expected to purchase virtually all of their belongings and personal items. The items include officers’ uniforms and equipment, which one would expect to get from the Academy or employer. Some issues of quality items in this respect it is worth mentioning.Due to the fact of fluctuated pay anybody is highly tempted to go for the least expensive item and it is common sense that least expensive is least quality. The practice of officers buying uniforms and equipment for themselves has an outlay that can easily run into thousands of dollars. As a solution, the Municipal Union in 2007 through the Municipal Credit Union began issuing visa credit cards to the Police Academy as a way to borrow the money needed towards the mandatory equipment purchases.Top pay for experienced officers is no better compared with pay of other potential employers. The recommended top pay for an experienced NYPD officer is $59,588 not including overtime payments and other forms of compensation. The major contributor to these problems is the municipal funding agents, which althou gh it has continually funded other city project. The new basketball arena in Brooklyn got an approximate 8.3 acres land, which although it was a part of a forest the administration asserts that this is no land grabbing. For the sake of its development it got a further $100 million. (Kleining John, 1996). The Second Avenue Train line got the full funding agreement with a massive $2.5 bond issues and its work expected to follow within weeks to months. (Kleining John, 1996).The Mayor’s Green Plan is raising quite substantial amount whereby drivers are levied for entering Manhattan at rates of $8 for personal vehicles and $21 for truck operators. Major tugs of war have been evidently available as is the case of the New York Civil Liberties Union (NYCLU), which urged the council members to provide the Civilian Complaint Review Board (CCRB) with adequate funding and to hold it accountable for recent lapses in its performance. NYCLU decried to Mayor Bloomberg’s proposals to c ut CCRB funding by $1.2 million eliminating twenty four investigator positions and urged the city council to restore the CCRB’s funding to demand cooperation from NYPD and other agencies involved in the civilian review process.The NYCLU was actively instrumental in the creation of the independent CCRB in the year 2002, and has been an outspoken advocate for a vigorous and independent civilian review system. As part of this effort, the NYCLU has fought CCRB budget cuts year after year and has been highly critical of NYPD efforts to undermine the CCRB’s work. (Kleining John, 1996). Whereas the policy makers and implementers argue that they are in favor of keeping tabs on the people suspected of unlawful activities, they argue that the police should not be scrutinizing law abiding New Yorkers’ activities without regulations.Low pay is driving more and more New York’s finest to leave the job despite ranks being bolstered. Especially in 2005 and 2006, 1,769 of ficers were reported to quit job before their retirement eligibility. (Kleining John, 1996). The numbers have had a real impact on the streets and city hall does not have the courage to solve the problem.Difficulties Compounding Police Force IssueSome extremely difficult times were experienced in the city brought about by the economic downturn of the 1970. An arson attack particularly plagued Bronx leading to permeability of an atmosphere of lawlessness in the city. In addition, the city’s financial crisis led to a hiring freeze on all city departments including the NYPD from 1976 to 1980. (Eli B. Silverman, 1990). A crack epidemic of late 1980s and early 1990s followed in suit the arson attack, which is believed most certainly led to the city’s homicide rate to soar to an all time higher. A marvelous record of murder, so great that it has yet remained difficult to break in any other US major city, was recorded in 1990. (Eli B. Silverman, 1990).The situation was furthe r complicated by continuous thefts associated with drug addiction increasing became common. Furthermore, on September 11, 2001, twenty-three NYPD officers were killed when the World Trade Centre collapsed due to terrorist attack. More lives were lost that year than any other year in the NYPD’s history. (Eli B. Silverman, 1990).All through history, the NYPD has suffered from numerous allegations of corruption. However, as the many commissions of inquiry convened to inquire about these alleged matters, the results have shown these instances of corruption reflect far greater on the individual’s involved rather than do on a systemic form of corruption. As a matter of fact, the instances of corruption when compared through statistics to the sheer number of the departments as a whole, the NYPD actually has a lower corruption rate than many other departments. Most commissions on corruption blame low morale and chronically low salary as the large contributing factor. As things sour up to such heights it remains questionable as to the destiny and way out for these unlucky officers. Information permeability is in place of existing training and working condition in other departments of equal capacity as the NYPD.Situation Outside NYPDIt is crystal clear that in nearby departments’ payments is considerably more ranging from $50,000 for new hires and over $90,000 for experienced officers. Over the last few years hundreds of NYPD city officers have been found to leave for higher paying jobs with other agencies notably the Nassau County Police Department, the Suffolk County Police Department and the Port Authority Police of New York and New Jersey. (Bratton et al, 1998). Discontent over pay issues has become so widespread and so well known that higher paying departments in the lower cost of living areas such as the Rochester New York Police are actively recruiting NYPD officers to join their forces. Large numbers of NYPD officers have also migrated to th e New York City Fire Departments where, although the payments are similar to that of NYPD, work schedules are more attractive and they are privileged to have a more amicable relationship with the public. (Bratton et al, 1998).However, the NYPD is not comfortable with the exodus taken by their trained employees. Resources have been used for the training and therefore the exodus is a big loss to NYPD. Employees’ turnover is also a bad influence facing NYPD as a result of this exodus. Therefore, to counteract the exodus, the NYPD is using contract changes to forbid the prior practice of allowing police officers who join the fire department to transfer their seniority for a compensation purposes. With all new firefighters now compelled to begin working at the same starting pay, the number of NYPD officials willing to exit over to the FDNY is likely to fall considerably. (Bratton et al, 1998).Some NYPD officers charge that the department leadership is seeking to stem the flow of o fficers to other jurisdictions by administrative means. In January 2006, 35 NYPD officers seeking to move to the Port Authority Police sued the NYPD claiming that it was refusing to make their personal records available to Ports Authority Police Department (PAPD) background investigators. The plaintiffs won the injunction at the trial level but the appellate division in January 2007 overturned that ruling and ordered that case to trial. (James T. Hamilton, 2000). For its part, the NYPD claims that its actions are merely in line with the personnel practices of any other employers and that there is no â€Å"stealth† effort to prevent officers from moving elsewhere.Nonetheless, it is a fact that no NYPD officers have been included in the last PAPD Police Academy as a result of the deliberate confinement of their background records by their employer NYPD. Despite these obstacles, there are signs that the exodus from the NYPD may become accelerating. In 2006, 902 officers resigned before eligibility for retirement. The number had been 867 in the previous year (2005) and 635 in the other previous year (2004), which contributes for an attrition rate of around 2%. (James T. Hamilton, 2000).While the Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly insists that the figures compares positively with the turnover rates in private industry, police union officials note that the proper comparison should be with prior years on the NYPD records in past years. For example, in 1991 only 15% officers left early thus recording an attrition rate of less than one half of one percent. (James T. Hamilton, 2000).The unfair state in NYPD has impacted negative picture of the Academy. Recruits and skilled officers are expected to take care of their transport costs. They are also supposed to cater for costs of their duty belts, handcuffs, flashlights etc. whenever they wear out. The cost of maintaining fresh supplies has been uncatered for by the Academy. The supervisors treat recruits and officer s like children and the harsh manner of the supervisors create disrespect in the Academy. Recruits are taken for field experience and during the occasion they are given up to supervisory jobs. Due to the frequent turnover some identified officers and recruits are forced to act on supervisory capacity without an extra pay.At the end of it all participation in unions is crippled due to crippled financial status. They are also incapacitated to play meaningful roles in the society and their background society issues are very poor.The potential recruit of NYPD should expect to earn the lowest pay while working in the most dangerous environment in the tri-state area and should also expect picayune disciplinary action with a trial room having nearly 100% conviction rate. Dozens of civilian complaints from criminals and then complaints are investigated by cop hating, democratic club hacks. The recruit should also expect to be a great â€Å"white defendant† seeking publicity, grand-st anding district attorney have their life ruined when they make a good faith mistake they become financially destroyed plus their families by paying huge money in legal fees. The cop expects the boss ever behind while executing duties, any civilian complaint with a controversial case falls on the cops shoulders.The supervisors of the cops are ready to protect politicians at the expense of their junior cops. The members of the department above the rank of lieutenant are ready to earn promotion through suppression of their juniors. The NYPD cop members are the most demoralized army group. They give protection to millions of liberal, unappreciative citizens and democratic officers who hate them. The cops are also vilified by phony ministers who command huge sums of government poverty money to aid and assist crime. The cops transcend through six months of training then in disquiets join other police departments leaving their leaders searching for reasons of the exodus. As senior members of NYPD shift to other departments, such as Suffolk County Cop, a vacancy opening leaves a promotion slot quickly.ConclusionThe result of poor funding in NYPD is a poor social economic structure. This leads to exit and exodus of those who enter NYPD Academy leading to brain drain and employee turnover. The lack of funding has created a huge salary disparity between NYPD and other same category departments. Any well-qualified person fears any indulgence with NYPD. Although their entry requirements are well outlines, a number of recruits gain entry into the Academy without the possession of valid driving licenses, relevant credentials possibility of suffering some disqualifications creates problems of retention of probationary employees since discontent and lack of motivation is the cause of exodus to a better place.ReferencesBratton, William J. & Knobler Peter (1998) Turnaround: How American Top Cops Reversed the Crime Epidemic. New York: Random House.Eli B. Silverman (1990) NYPD Bat tles Crime: Innovative Strategies in Policing. North Eastern University Press. ISBN-13:978-15555340011.Fred. M. Rafilson (2000) Police Officer Arco; 13th Ed. ISBN-13:978-0028637419.James T. Hamilton (2000) Channeling Violence. Princeton University Press. New Ed. ISBN-13:978-0691070247.Kleining John (1996) The Ethics of Policing. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Lung Worthy, Robert H. (1986) The Structure of Police Organizations. New York. Praeger.Reaves, Brian A. (1996) Local Police Departments. Diane Pub Co. ISBN-13:978-0788130076.